سليمان ايت علي باحث في القانون العام و العلوم السياسية جامعة القاضي عياض، مراكش، المغرب.

المــلـخــــــــص

يتناول هذا المقال قضية اللاجئين البيئيين من منظور القانون الدولي والتحديات التي تواجه هذه الفئة المعرضة للتهجير بسبب التغيرات المناخية. يتناول المقال أيضًا مستوى الاعتراف القانوني بحالة اللجوء البيئي وحماية اللاجئين البيئيين على الساحة الدولية.

من خلال الاستعراض الأدبي، يلقي المقال الضوء على الأبحاث والأدبيات التي تركز على دراسة اللجوء البيئي والتأثيرات المحتملة للتغيرات المناخية على التنقل والهجرة. يُظهر المقال أن هناك تأكيدًا على وجود علاقة وثيقة بين التغيرات المناخية والهجرة.

وفي الختام، يشير المقال إلى أن هناك هشاشة في الأطُر القانونية المتعلقة بالاعتراف والحماية الدولية للأفراد الذين يتعرضون للتهجير بسبب التغيرات المناخية. تُظهر هذه الهشاشة الحاجة الملحة إلى تعزيز الإطار القانوني لتلبية احتياجات وحقوق اللاجئين البيئيين وضمان حمايتهم في ظل التحديات المتزايدة المتعلقة بالبيئة والمناخ.

الكلمات المفتاحية: لاجئون بيئيون، قانون اللجوء، التغيرات المناخية، الحماية الدولية، هجرة بيئية، التحديات القانونية

MIGRATION AND HUMAN SECURITY: ENVIRONMENTAL ASYLUM AND THE DILEMMA OF RECOGNITION AND PROTECTION

Soulaymane AIT ALI PhD student in  in public law and political science Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the issue of environmental refugees from the perspective of international law and the challenges facing this group exposed to displacement due to climate change. The article also examines the level of legal recognition of environmental refugees and the protection of such refugees on the international stage.

Through the literature review, the article highlights the research and literature that focus on the study of environmental refuge and the potential effects of climate change on migration and displacement. The article demonstrates a close relationship between climate change and migration.

In conclusion, the article points out the fragility of the legal frameworks related to the recognition and international protection of individuals who are displaced due to climate change. This fragility underscores the urgent need to enhance the legal framework to meet the needs and rights of environmental refugees and ensure their protection amid the increasing environmental and climate-related challenges.

Keywords: environmental refugees, asylum law, climate change, international protection, environmental migration, legal challenges.

---

لائحة المراجع   

    بالعربية

 المنظمة الدولية للهجرة، تقرير الهجرة لعام 2020.

المفوضية السامية للأمم المتحدة لشؤون اللاجئين، اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لعام 1951 الخاصة بوضع اللاجئين.

   بالانجليزية

‘Leaders’ Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction- The Cancun High-Level Communiqué, Ensuring the Resilience of Infrastructure and Housing’ (2017).

“Chair’s” Summary: From Commitment to Action (Global Platform for DRR 2017).

Abdessalam Jaldi and Amal El Ouassif. (2022). Research Paper, Climate Refugees: A Major Challenge of International Community and Africa, Rabat: Policy Center for the New South, Rabat: Policy Center for the New South.

Brown, Lester et al. (1976). Twenty-Two Dimensions of the Population Problem. Worldwatch Paper5. Washington: Worldwatch Institute. P. 40.

E Lauterpacht and D Bethlehem. (2003). ‘The scope and content of the principle of Non-refoulement opinion’ in E Feller, V Turk and F Nicholson (eds) Refugee protection in international law: UNHCR’s Global Consultation On international protection, Cambridge University Press.

El-Hinnawi, Essam. (1985). Environmental Refugees. Nairobi: United Nations Environmental Programme.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. (1990). Climate change: the IPCC impacts assessment, Edited by W.J.McG. Tegart, G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths, (Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service for the Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories).

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. Climate change (1995). Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigations of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses, Edited by Robert T. Watson Et Al, (IPCC: Cambridge University Press).

International Organization for Migration.(2019). International Migration Law, Glossary on Migration, No. 34. Geneva.

John H Knox. (2016). ‘Human Rights Principles and Climate Change’ in Cinnamon P Carlarne, Kevin R Gray and Richard Tarasofsky (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Climate Change Law, Oxford University Press.

Morrissey, James. (2012). Rethinking the “Debate on Environmental Refugees”: From “Maximilists and Minimalists” to “Proponents and Critics”. Journal of Political Ecology, Vol 19.

Nathan Stopper. (2011). Adrift From Home and Neglected By International Law: Searching for Obligations to Provide Climate Refugees with Social Services, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law.

 Norman Myers.(1997). “Environmental refugees”. Population and environment, Vol.19, no. 2.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2017). The slow onset effects of Climate Change and Human Rights Protection for cross-border migrants.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). “Key Messages on Human Rights and Climate Change”.

Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 12, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104.

Roger Zetter and James Morrissey. (2014). The Environment-Mobility Nexus: Reconceptualizing the Links between Environmental Stress, (Im)mobility, and Power. The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies.

Sahnoun, Mohamed, and Gareth J. Evans. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect : Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.

UNHCR: World must turn COP26 words into action for forcibly displaced and stateless people. 12 november 2021.

Union (AU), Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, art 1(2) (10 September 1969).

United Nations Development Program. (1994). Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, S. Treaty Doc No. 102-38, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107.

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (2005). Sixtieth session, 2005 World Summit Outcomes, UN Doc A/RES/60/1.

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 1945, 1 UNTS XVI.

W. Andrew Baldwin. (2020). Climate change Refugees. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2nd edition, V2: Elsevier.

W. Andrew Baldwin. (2020). Climate change Refugees. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2^nd edition, V2: Elsevier.

Zetter, R. (2010). Protecting Environmentally Displaced People: Developing the Capacity of Legal and Normative Frameworks. University of Oxford, Refugee Studies Centre, report commissioned by UNHCR and Governments of Switzerland and Norway.