Ibtissam GHAICH Doctorante en droit public, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Maroc

RESUME

Le préambule de la Constitution marocaine du 29 juillet 2011 accorde aux conventions internationales dûment ratifiées et publiées la primauté sur le droit interne. L’article examine l’usage que les juridictions font de ce fondement lorsqu’elles statuent sur la situation des réfugiés et des demandeurs d’asile, dans un pays qui n’a pas encore adopté de loi sur l’asile. Il repose sur un corpus de treize décisions et actes rendus entre 2013 et 2025 par des juridictions administratives, répressives et du statut personnel, de même que par un parquet, que complètent les décisions du Comité contre la torture relatives à des procédures d’extradition. Sur des bases conventionnelles, les juges du fond ont construit des solutions protectrices convergentes, avec des mesures d’éloignement écartées, la relaxe de personnes poursuivies pour séjour irrégulier et l’inscription à l’état civil d’enfants nés de parents demandeurs d’asile. Cette mobilisation varie selon la nature de l’opération que le texte interne demande au juge. Là où une disposition nationale attache une conséquence à une qualité que le juge constate sur pièces, la protection suit. Là où le texte suppose l’appréciation du mobile réel d’un État requérant, le juge de l’extradition s’en tient à la régularité de la demande.

Mots-clés : Maroc ; asile ; réfugiés ; primauté conventionnelle ; office du juge ; non-refoulement.

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THE PRIMACY OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS PUT TO THE TEST OF ASYLUM LITIGATION IN MOROCCO

ABSTRACT

Ibtissam GHAICH PhD Candidate in Public Law Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco

The preamble of the Moroccan Constitution of 29 July 2011 grants duly ratified and published international conventions primacy over domestic law. This article examines how Moroccan courts use that foundation when ruling on the situation of refugees and asylum seekers, in a country that has yet to adopt an asylum law. It draws on a corpus of thirteen decisions and acts issued between 2013 and 2025 by administrative, criminal and personal status courts and by a public prosecutor’s office, supplemented by the decisions of the Committee against Torture on extradition proceedings. Lower courts have built convergent protective solutions on treaty grounds, removal measures set aside, acquittal of persons prosecuted for irregular stay, and civil registration of children born to asylum-seeking parents. This engagement varies with the kind of operation that the domestic provision requires of the court. Where a national provision attaches a consequence to a status that the court establishes from documents, protection follows. Where the provision presupposes an assessment of the real motive of a requesting State, the extradition court confines itself to the formal regularity of the request.

Keywords: Morocco; asylum; refugees; primacy of international treaties; judicial function; non-refoulement.

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